Florida v. Riley 488 U.S. 445 (1989) - establishes lower limit of 400 feet for navigable airspace in allowing aerial surveillance and photography.

Frisbie v. Collins 342 U.S. 519 (1952) - an unlawful arrest does not deprive the court of jurisdiction to try a criminal case.

Gagnon v. Scarpelli 411 U.S. 778 (1973) - requires two trier process in probation revocation hearings (preliminary and final), also benefit of counsel if charges are contested or substantial reasons defendant needs assistance.

Gernstein v. Pugh 420 U.S. 103 (1975) - Persons arrested without a warrant must promptly be brought before a neutral magistrate for a judicial determination of probable cause (preliminary hearing);

leaves it to individual states to integrate prompt PC hearings into pre-trial procedures (see County of Riverside v. McLaughlin).

Gideon v. Wainwright 372 U.S. 335 (1963) - reverses Betts v. Brady (1942). Requires a lawyer be appointed for any indigent (poor) person who is charged with a felony or else person cannot be tried for the felony.

Graham v. Connor 490 U.S. 386 (1989) - use of force case which distinguished subjective (from perspective of officer at the scene) from objective (hindsight) standards in tests of reasonableness, allows civil suit claims if objectively unreasonable.

Hampton v. U.S. 425 U.S. 484 (1976) - there is no entrapment if a police informant supplies drugs to a suspect who is already predisposed to commit the crime.

Hoffa v. U.S. 385 U.S. 293 (1966) - also known as the "Test Fleet" case, allows state to intentionally plant an informant in the suspect's company.

Horton v. California 496 U.S. 128 (1990) - key case involving the "plain view" doctrine. Warrantless seizure allowed if item(s) in plain view, their incriminating character immediately apparent, and officer did not violate 4th Amendment in arriving at place from which evidence could be viewed (inadvertent discovery).

Illinois v. Allen 397 U.S. 337 (1970) - a disruptive defendant may be removed from the courtroom and trial may continue without their presence.

Illinois v. Gates 462 U.S. 213 (1983) - the two-pronged (Aguilar) test for probable cause established in Spinelli v. U.S. (1969) is abandoned in favor of a "totality of circumstances" test.

Illinois v. Rodriguez 497 U.S. 177 (1990) - searches in which any person having "apparent authority" over an area gives consent are valid.

Illinois v. Vitale 447 U.S. 410 (1980) - allows exception to double jeopardy clause of 5th Amendment in conviction on more serious offense if guilty plea already accepted for a lesser offense,

as long as all elements of lesser offense not included in greater offense.

Jacobson v. U.S. 503 U.S. 540 (1993) - updates the Sherman rule (Sherman v. U.S. 1958) on entrapment; entrapment occurs when agents originate a criminal design,

implant a disposition to commit the act in an innocent person's mind, and then induce commission of the act in order to prosecute.

Johnson v. Avery 393 U.S. 483 (1969) - Absent other forms of legal assistance, prisons cannot prohibit "jailhouse lawyers" from assisting other inmates.

Katz v. U.S. 389 U.S. 347 (1967) - established "reasonable expectation of privacy" test which overturned Olmstead v. U.S. (1928) which restricted electronic surveillance by trespass rule.

Both subjective (person's efforts to protect their privacy) and objective

(privacy right society is willing to protect) expectations must be considered.

Kirby v. Illinois 406 U.S. 682 (1972) - a person has no right to counsel at pre-indictment identification procedures (they have not been formally charged with a crime).

Mapp v. Ohio 367 U.S. 643 (1961) -extends the exclusionary rule established in Weeks v. U.S. (1914) to state officials, evidence seized illegally is not admissible.

Maryland v. Buie 494 U.S. 325 (1990) - authorizes a protective "sweep search" in a person's home during an arrest.

Maryland v. Craig 497 U.S. 836 (1990) - one-way, closed-

circuit television may be used to allow testimony (as in case of child witness) and does not violate defendant's right to confrontation, as long as other procedural safeguards are maintained.

整理者：JACKIE